Lyonel Feininger

Lyonel Charles Adrian Feininger (* 17 July 1871 in New York; † 13 January 1956 ibid.) was a painter and caricaturist of German-American descent.

Lyonel Feininger took drawing lessons at the Hamburg Gewerbeschule at the age of 16. A year later, in 1888, he was accepted at the Royal Academy of Arts in Berlin, where he attended Ernst Hancke's painting class. From 1891 he continued his studies at the private art school of the painter Adolf Schlabitz.

Between 1892 and 1909 Feininger travelled extensively and spent time in Rome, Paris and London, among other places. At the same time, he published caricatures in various German, French and US newspapers and magazines. Based on his long time as a caricaturist, the artist developed a very distinctive painting style.



In 1901 the artist married Clara Fürst, with whom he had two daughters. Only four years later, after his acquaintance with Julia Berg, the marriage was divorced again. In 1906, Feininger and Berg had a son together. Two years later the couple married. The family settled in Berlin, where the artist joined the artists' group "Berliner Secession" in 1909. In 1911, several of Feininger's paintings were exhibited at the Salon des Artistes Indépendants ("Salon of Independent Artists") in Paris. There Feininger found his actual artistic form through his encounter with the works of the Cubists. Figurative elements were almost completely banished from his motif pool. From now on, the city dominated as a pictorial theme.

Feininger's first solo exhibition opened on 2 September 1917 at the gallery "Der Sturm" in Berlin, showing more than 100 paintings and other works.




In May 1919, Lyonel Feininger was one of the first masters to be appointed by Walter Gropius to the State Bauhaus in Weimar, where he was master printer from 1919 to 1925. With the well-known title page of the Bauhaus manifesto, the woodcut "Cathedral of Socialism", Feininger succeeded in symbolising the founding idea of the Bauhaus, the unity of craft and art.
Especially during and after the First World War, Feininger regarded the church tower as a symbol of hope and peace. The artist negated perspective space in his works and assembled motifs from cubic, nested and prismatically broken forms that lend the works an inner monumentality. By appropriating Delaunay's theory of colour, his motifs are always characterised by a light transparency flooded with light. In the 1920s, depictions of coastal landscapes antipodally took their place alongside urban landscapes.
Following the holistic aspirations of the Bauhaus, Feininger also devoted himself to music in 1921 and composed his first fugue. In 1924 he joined forces with Alexej von Jawlensky, Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky to form the exhibition group "The Blue Four". Klee, Feininger and Kandinsky taught at the Bauhaus, while Jawlensky worked as a freelance artist.
Lyonel Feininger joined the Bauhaus when it moved to Dessau and remained a master at the Bauhaus without teaching duties. One year after the Bauhaus closed in 1933, the artist returned to Berlin with his family.



During the National Socialist era, Feininger's works were officially considered "degenerate art".
As early as 1936, Feininger visited New York and taught at Mills College in Oakland during the summer months. The following year he moved to the USA for good. He continued to teach there at Mills College and at Black Mountain College in North Carolina.
Several major exhibitions were organised in his honour in the USA, such as the retrospective at the New York Museum of Modern Art in 1944. In 1947, he was elected president of the Federation of American Painters and Sculptors.
Feininger died at the age of 84 in New York City, the city of his birth and eventually his adopted home.

Sources:

- Elger, Dietmar (1991) EXPRESSIONISM. Cologne: Taschen Verlag GmbH
- bauhaus kooperation: https://www.bauhauskooperation.de/wissen/das-bauhaus/koepfe/meister-und-lehrende/lyonel-feininger/ (Visited on 08.11.2020)